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Voiceless uvular fricative trill

Voiceless uvular fricative trill
ʀ̝̊
χ͡ʀ̥
ᴙ̭
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voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill
ʀ̝̊˖
The voiceless uvular fricative trill is a kind of rare type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The IPA symbol for it is ⟨ʀ̝̊⟩, but since this sound is actually a simultaneous [χ] and [ʀ̥], it can also be transcribed as ⟨χ͡ʀ̥⟩. In Bodhi's Phonetic Alphabet [Made up thing] , it is represented with ⟨ᴙ̭⟩.

Most of the languages that are claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative might actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill, since a complication of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates.

The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is ⟨ʀ̝̊˖⟩ (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch [ɑxt] or [ɑx̟t], which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.[3][4][5][9][10][12]

Voiceless uvular fricative

Voiceless uvular fricative
χ x̣ x̌ ᴚ
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voiceless pre-uvular fricative
x̠ χ̟
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The IPA symbol for it is the Greek chi ⟨χ⟩, or sometimes ⟨x⟩ (or ⟨r⟩, if rhotic) in broad transcription. In the Americanist phonetic notation, this sound is represented by ex with underdot ⟨x̣⟩, or sometimes by ex with caron ⟨x̌⟩. In Bodhi’s Phonetic Alphabet [Made up thing] , it is represented with ⟨ᴚ⟩. The symbol ⟨ᴚ⟩ is also an obsolete IPA symbol for this sound.

There is also a voiceless pre-uvular / post-velar fricative in some languages. The IPA symbol for it is ⟨x̠⟩ or ⟨χ̟⟩.

Voiceless uvular trill

Voiceless uvular trill
ʀ̥
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The voiceless uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is less common than its voiced counterpart. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ̥⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter r with a ring diacritic indicating voicelessness.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans[13][14] goed [χut] 'good' Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.[13] See Afrikaans phonology.
Arabic[12] خضراء
ḵaḍrāʾ		 [χadʿraːʔ] 'green' (f.) Fricative trill with velar frication.[12] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Arabic phonology
Armenian խաղ xaġ [χɑʁ] 'game'
Azerbaijani[15][16] In most of dialects, specially in all of Southern Azerbaijani Turkish sancaq [sɑndʒɑχ] 'pin', 'lance', 'starboard', 'banner', 'standard', 'ensign' Almost all words ending in q, regardless of their role in sentences would have the pronunciation of <χ>, but as a definitive accusative, the q character changes to ğ, forming 'sancağı' in which it sounds <ʁ>.
Breton Some speakers c'hwec'h [χwɛχ] 'six'
Chuvash хăна hăna [χə'na] 'guest'

Voiced post-palatal fricative

Voiced post-palatal fricative
ʝ̠ ɣ̟ ᶍ̬ ɉ̝ ꬶ̞ ɣʲ ɣ̡
The voiced post-palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ʝ̠⟩, ⟨ʝ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̟⟩ or ⟨ɣ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative (⟨ɣʲ⟩ in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA).

Using symbols from Bodhi's Extended IPA Symbols [Made up thing] , it can be represented as a voiced ᶍ (⟨ᶍ̬⟩), or a raised ɉ (⟨ɉ̝⟩), or a lowered ꬶ (⟨ꬶ̞⟩), but it can also be transcribed as the symbol ɣ modified by a palatal hook ◌̡.

Voiced post-palatal approximant
j˗ ʝ̞˗ i̯˗
ɰ˖ ɣ̞˖ ɯ̯˖
ɰʲ ɣ̞ʲ ɯ̯ʲ
ɰ̈ ɣ̞̈ ɯ̯̈
j̈ ʝ̈˕ ï̯
ɉ ɨ̯
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There is also the post-palatal approximant[13] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel [ɨ]The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨j̠⟩, ⟨j˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̟⟩ or ⟨ɰ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɰ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and M\_+, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ⟨j⟩ (⟨j̈⟩ in the IPA, j_" in X-SAMPA), a centralized ⟨ɰ⟩ (⟨ɰ̈⟩ in the IPA, M\_" in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ⟨ɨ⟩ (⟨ɨ̯⟩ in the IPA, 1_^ in X-SAMPA). For the reasons mentioned above and in the article velar approximant, none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant consonant (not a semivowel) appears as an allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and is best transcribed ⟨ʝ̞˗⟩, ⟨ʝ˕˗⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̞˖⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕˖⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_o_- and G_o_+.

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